C++11中多线程编程-std::async的深入讲解

时间:2021-05-20

前言

C++11中提供了异步线程接口std::async,std::async是异步编程的高级封装,相对于直接使用std::thread,std::async的优势在于:

1、std::async会自动创建线程去调用线程函数,相对于低层次的std::thread,使用起来非常方便;

2、std::async返回std::future对象,通过返回的std::future对象我们可以非常方便的获取到线程函数的返回结果;

3、std::async提供了线程的创建策略,可以指定同步或者异步的方式去创建线程;

1、函数原型

C++ 11中提供如下函数原型:

template< class Function, class... Args>std::future<std::result_of_t<std::decay_t<Function>(std::decay_t<Args>...)>> async( Function&& f, Args&&... args );template< class Function, class... Args >std::future<std::result_of_t<std::decay_t<Function>(std::decay_t<Args>...)>> async( std::launch policy, Function&& f, Args&&... args );

其中,参数f接收一个可调用对象(仿函数、lambda表达式、类成员函数、普通函数……),用于异步或是同步执行。

参数policy用于指定同步执行或者异步执行可调用对象,它的可选值有三种:

1)std::launch::async:异步执行可调用对象;

2)std::launch::deferred:同步执行可调用对象;

3)std::launch::async | std::launch::deferred 可以异步或是同步,取决于具体实现。

函数返回值:

函数返回值是std::future对象,我们可以执行get、wait、wait_for、wait_until函数获取或者等待执行结果。

调用std::future对象的get函数时,如果执行的是异步执行策略,如果异步执行没有结束,get函数调用会阻塞当前当前调用线程;如果执行的是同步执行策略,只有当调用get函数时才真正执行。

调用std::future对象的wait*函数时,可能返回三种状态:

1)std::future_status::deferred:可调用对象尚未开始执行;

2)std::future_status::ready:可调用对象执行完毕;

3)std::future_status::timeout:可调用对象执行超时;

2、头文件

#include <future>

3、同步或异步读取文件内容

我们模拟异步从数据库中读取数据和同步方式从文件中读取数据,从其中可以看到std::async的使用方法。

#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <chrono>#include <thread>#include <future> using namespace std::chrono; std::string fetchDataFromDB(std::string recvData) { std::cout << "fetchDataFromDB start" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; std::this_thread::sleep_for(seconds(5)); return "DB_" + recvData;} std::string fetchDataFromFile(std::string recvData) { std::cout << "fetchDataFromFile start" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; std::this_thread::sleep_for(seconds(3)); return "File_" + recvData;} int main() { std::cout << "main start" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; //获取开始时间 system_clock::time_point start = system_clock::now(); std::future<std::string> resultFromDB = std::async(std::launch::async, fetchDataFromDB, "Data"); //从文件获取数据 std::future<std::string> fileData = std::async(std::launch::deferred, fetchDataFromFile, "Data"); //调用get函数fetchDataFromFile才开始执行 std::string FileData = fileData.get(); //如果fetchDataFromDB执行没有完成,get会一直阻塞当前线程 std::string dbData = resultFromDB.get(); //获取结束时间 auto end = system_clock::now(); auto diff = duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(end - start).count(); std::cout << "Total Time taken= " << diff << "Seconds" << std::endl; //组装数据 std::string data = dbData + " :: " + FileData; //输出组装的数据 std::cout << "Data = " << data << std::endl; return 0;}

代码输出:

main start140677737994048
fetchDataFromFile start140677737994048
fetchDataFromDB start140677720131328
Total Time taken= 5Seconds
Data = DB_Data :: File_Data

4、设置异步数据读取超时机制

有时我们不能无限制的等待异步任务执行,可以设置超时等待时间(timeout),当超时时间到达时,可以选择放弃等待异步任务。

如果代码中,我们设置了1s的超时设置,用于检查异步线程是否执行完毕。

#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <chrono>#include <thread>#include <future> using namespace std::chrono; std::string fetchDataFromDB(std::string recvData) { std::cout << "fetchDataFromDB start" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; std::this_thread::sleep_for(seconds(5)); return "DB_" + recvData;} int main() { std::cout << "main start" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; //获取开始时间 system_clock::time_point start = system_clock::now(); std::future<std::string> resultFromDB = std::async(std::launch::async, fetchDataFromDB, "Data"); std::future_status status; std::string dbData; do { status = resultFromDB.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(1)); switch (status) { case std::future_status::ready: std::cout << "Ready..." << std::endl; //获取结果 dbData = resultFromDB.get(); std::cout << dbData << std::endl; break; case std::future_status::timeout: std::cout << "timeout..." << std::endl; break; case std::future_status::deferred: std::cout << "deferred..." << std::endl; break; default: break; } } while (status != std::future_status::ready); //获取结束时间 auto end = system_clock::now(); auto diff = duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(end - start).count(); std::cout << "Total Time taken= " << diff << "Seconds" << std::endl; return 0;}

程序输出:

main start140406593357632
fetchDataFromDB start140406575482624
timeout...
timeout...
timeout...
timeout...
Ready...
DB_Data
Total Time taken= 5Seconds

5、使用std::async实现多线程并发

既然std::async可以实现异步调用,我们很容易就可以借用它实现多线程并发。

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <algorithm>#include <numeric>#include <future>#include <string>#include <mutex>#include <thread> template <typename RandomIt>int parallel_sum(RandomIt beg, RandomIt end){ std::cout << "thread id:" << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl; auto len = end - beg; if (len < 1000) return std::accumulate(beg, end, 0); RandomIt mid = beg + len/2; auto handle_me = std::async(std::launch::async, parallel_sum<RandomIt>, mid, end); auto handle_bm = std::async(std::launch::async, parallel_sum<RandomIt>, beg, mid); // int sum = parallel_sum(beg, mid); return handle_bm.get() + handle_me.get();} int main(){ std::vector<int> v(10000, 1); std::cout << "The sum is " << parallel_sum(v.begin(), v.end()) << std::endl;}

程序输出如下:

The sum is thread id:140594794530624
thread id:140594776655616
thread id:140594768262912
thread id:140594759870208
thread id:140594672297728
thread id:140594680690432
thread id:140594663905024
thread id:140594655512320
thread id:140594647119616
thread id:140594638726912
thread id:140594269644544
thread id:140594630334208
thread id:140594278037248
thread id:140594252859136
thread id:140594261251840
thread id:140594252859136
thread id:140594236073728
thread id:140594252859136
thread id:140594261251840
thread id:140594630334208
thread id:140594244466432
thread id:140594252859136
thread id:140594227681024
thread id:140594261251840
thread id:140593875384064
thread id:140593850205952
thread id:140593858598656
thread id:140593866991360
thread id:140594647119616
thread id:140594269644544
thread id:140594672297728
10000

6、其它注意事项

在使用时需要注意,std::future对象的析构需要等待std::async执行完毕,也就是说,如下面的代码并不能实现并发。原因在于std::async的返回的std::future对象无人接收,是个临时变量,临时变量的析构会阻塞,直至std::async异步任务执行完成。

std::async(std::launch::async, []{ f(); }); // temporary's dtor waits for f()std::async(std::launch::async, []{ g(); }); // does not start until f() completes

参考材料

https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/async

/article/198761.htm

总结

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