这篇文章主要介绍了Python concurrent.futures模块使用实例,文中通过示例代码介绍的非常详细，对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,需要的朋友可以参考下

concurrent.futures的作用：

管理并发任务池。concurrent.futures模块提供了使用工作线程或进程池运行任务的接口。线程和进程池API都是一样，所以应用只做最小的修改就可以在线程和进程之间地切换

1、基于线程池使用map()

futures_thread_pool_map.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport threadingimport timedef task(n): print('{}: 睡眠 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name,n)) time.sleep(n / 10) print('{}: 执行完成 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name,n)) return n / 10ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)print('main: 开始运行')results = ex.map(task, range(5, 0, -1)) #返回值是generator 生成器print('main: 未处理的结果 {}'.format(results))print('main: 等待真实结果')real_results = list(results)print('main: 最终结果: {}'.format(real_results))

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_thread_pool_map.py main: 开始运行ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 5ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 睡眠 4main: 未处理的结果 <generator object Executor.map.<locals>.result_iterator at 0x7f1c97484678>main: 等待真实结果ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 执行完成 4ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 睡眠 3ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 5ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 2ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 2ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 1ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 执行完成 3ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 1main: 最终结果: [0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1]

2、futures执行单个任务

futures_thread_pool_submit.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport threadingimport timedef task(n): print('{}: 睡眠 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, n)) time.sleep(n / 10) print('{}: 执行完成 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, n)) return n / 10ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)print('main :开始')f = ex.submit(task, 5)print('main: future: {}'.format(f))print('等待运行结果')results = f.result()print('main: result:{}'.format(results))print('main: future 之后的结果:{}'.format(f))

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_thread_pool_submit.py main :开始ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 5main: future: <Future at 0x7f40c0a6a400 state=running>等待运行结果ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 5main: result:0.5main: future 之后的结果:<Future at 0x7f40c0a6a400 state=finished returned float>

3、futures.as_completed()按任意顺序运行结果

futures_as_completed.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import randomimport timefrom concurrent import futuresdef task(n): time.sleep(random.random()) return (n, n / 10)ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)print('main: 开始')wait_for = [ ex.submit(task, i) for i in range(5, 0, -1)]for f in futures.as_completed(wait_for): print('main: result:{}'.format(f.result()))

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_as_completed.py main: 开始main: result:(5, 0.5)main: result:(4, 0.4)main: result:(3, 0.3)main: result:(1, 0.1)main: result:(2, 0.2)

4、Future回调之futures.add_done_callback()

futures_future_callback.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport timedef task(n): print('task {} : 睡眠'.format(n)) time.sleep(0.5) print('task {} : 完成'.format(n)) return n / 10def done(fn): if fn.cancelled(): print('done {}:取消'.format(fn.arg)) elif fn.done(): error = fn.exception() if error: print('done {} : 错误返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, error)) else: result = fn.result() print('done {} : 正常返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, result))if __name__ == '__main__': ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) print('main : 开始') f = ex.submit(task, 5) f.arg = 5 f.add_done_callback(done) result = f.result()

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_future_callback.py main : 开始task 5 : 睡眠task 5 : 完成done 5 : 正常返回 : 0.5

5、Future任务取消之futures.cancel()

futures_future_callback_cancel.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport timedef task(n): print('task {} : 睡眠'.format(n)) time.sleep(0.5) print('task {} : 完成'.format(n)) return n / 10def done(fn): if fn.cancelled(): print('done {}:取消'.format(fn.arg)) elif fn.done(): error = fn.exception() if error: print('done {} : 错误返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, error)) else: result = fn.result() print('done {} : 正常返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, result))if __name__ == '__main__': ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) print('main : 开始') tasks = [] for i in range(10, 0, -1): print('main: submitting {}'.format(i)) f = ex.submit(task, i) f.arg = i f.add_done_callback(done) tasks.append((i, f)) for i, task_obj in reversed(tasks): if not task_obj.cancel(): print('main: 不能取消{}'.format(i)) ex.shutdown()

运行效果

[root@mnt]# python3 futures_future_callback_cancel.py main : 开始main: submitting 10task 10 : 睡眠main: submitting 9task 9 : 睡眠main: submitting 8main: submitting 7main: submitting 6main: submitting 5main: submitting 4main: submitting 3main: submitting 2main: submitting 1done 1:取消done 2:取消done 3:取消done 4:取消done 5:取消done 6:取消done 7:取消done 8:取消main: 不能取消9main: 不能取消10task 10 : 完成done 10 : 正常返回 : 1.0task 9 : 完成done 9 : 正常返回 : 0.9

6、Future异常的处理

futures_future_exception

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresdef task(n): print('{} : 开始'.format(n)) raise ValueError('这个值不太好 {}'.format(n))ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)print('main: 开始...')f = ex.submit(task, 5)error = f.exception()print('main: error:{}'.format(error))try: result = f.result()except ValueError as e: print('访问结果值的异常 {}'.format(e))

运行效果

[root@mnt]# python3 futures_future_exception.py main: 开始...5 : 开始main: error:这个值不太好 5访问结果值的异常 这个值不太好 5

7、Future上下文管理即利用with打开futures.ThreadPoolExecutor()

futures_context_manager.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresdef task(n): print(n)with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as ex: print('main: 开始') ex.submit(task, 1) ex.submit(task, 2) ex.submit(task, 3) ex.submit(task, 4)print('main: 结束')

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_context_manager.py main: 开始24main: 结束

8、基于进程池使用map()

futures_process_pool_map.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport osdef task(n): return (n, os.getpid())if __name__ == '__main__': ex = futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) results = ex.map(task, range(50, 0, -1)) for n, pid in results: print('task {} in 进程id {}'.format(n, pid))

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_process_pool_map.py task 5 in 进程id 9192task 4 in 进程id 8668task 3 in 进程id 9192task 2 in 进程id 8668task 1 in 进程id 9192

9、基于进程池异常处理

futures_process_pool_broken.py

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from concurrent import futuresimport osimport signaldef task(n): return (n, os.getpid())if __name__ == '__main__': with futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as ex: print('获取工作进程的id') f1 = ex.submit(os.getpid) pid1 = f1.result() print('结束进程 {}'.format(pid1)) os.kill(pid1, signal.SIGHUP) print('提交其它进程') f2 = ex.submit(os.getpid) try: pid2 = f2.result() except futures.process.BrokenProcessPool as e: print('不能开始新的任务:{}'.format(e))

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_process_pool_broken.py 获取工作进程的id结束进程 104623提交其它进程不能开始新的任务:A process in the process pool was terminated abruptly while the future was running or pending.

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