时间:2021-05-22
在计算机软件领域,缓存(Cache)指的是将部分数据存储在内存中,以便下次能够更快地访问这些数据,这也是一个典型的用空间换时间的例子。一般用于缓存的内存空间是固定的,当有更多的数据需要缓存的时候,需要将已缓存的部分数据清除后再将新的缓存数据放进去。需要清除哪些数据,就涉及到了缓存置换的策略,LRU(Least Recently Used,最近最少使用)是很常见的一个,也是 Python 中提供的缓存置换策略。
下面我们通过一个简单的示例来看 Python 中的 lru_cache 是如何使用的。
def factorial(n): print(f"计算 {n} 的阶乘") return 1 if n <= 1 else n * factorial(n - 1)a = factorial(5)print(f'5! = {a}')b = factorial(3)print(f'3! = {b}')上面的代码中定义了函数 factorial,通过递归的方式计算 n 的阶乘,并且在函数调用的时候打印出 n 的值。然后分别计算 5 和 3 的阶乘,并打印结果。运行上面的代码,输出如下
计算 5 的阶乘
计算 4 的阶乘
计算 3 的阶乘
计算 2 的阶乘
计算 1 的阶乘
5! = 120
计算 3 的阶乘
计算 2 的阶乘
计算 1 的阶乘
3! = 6
可以看到, factorial(3) 的结果在计算 factorial(5) 的时候已经被计算过了,但是后面又被重复计算了。为了避免这种重复计算,我们可以在定义函数 factorial 的时候加上 lru_cache 装饰器,如下所示
import functools# 注意 lru_cache 后的一对括号,证明这是带参数的装饰器@functools.lru_cache()def factorial(n): print(f"计算 {n} 的阶乘") return 1 if n <= 1 else n * factorial(n - 1)重新运行代码,输入如下
计算 5 的阶乘
计算 4 的阶乘
计算 3 的阶乘
计算 2 的阶乘
计算 1 的阶乘
5! = 120
3! = 6
可以看到,这次在调用 factorial(3) 的时候没有打印相应的输出,也就是说 factorial(3) 是直接从缓存读取的结果,证明缓存生效了。
被 lru_cache 修饰的函数在被相同参数调用的时候,后续的调用都是直接从缓存读结果,而不用真正执行函数。下面我们深入源码,看看 Python 内部是怎么实现 lru_cache 的。写作时 Python 最新发行版是 3.9,所以这里使用的是Python 3.9 的源码 ,并且保留了源码中的注释。
def lru_cache(maxsize=128, typed=False): """Least-recently-used cache decorator. If *maxsize* is set to None, the LRU features are disabled and the cache can grow without bound. If *typed* is True, arguments of different types will be cached separately. For example, f(3.0) and f(3) will be treated as distinct calls with distinct results. Arguments to the cached function must be hashable. View the cache statistics named tuple (hits, misses, maxsize, currsize) with f.cache_info(). Clear the cache and statistics with f.cache_clear(). Access the underlying function with f.__wrapped__. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies#Least_recently_used_(LRU) """ # Users should only access the lru_cache through its public API: # cache_info, cache_clear, and f.__wrapped__ # The internals of the lru_cache are encapsulated for thread safety and # to allow the implementation to change (including a possible C version). if isinstance(maxsize, int): # Negative maxsize is treated as 0 if maxsize < 0: maxsize = 0 elif callable(maxsize) and isinstance(typed, bool): # The user_function was passed in directly via the maxsize argument user_function, maxsize = maxsize, 128 wrapper = _lru_cache_wrapper(user_function, maxsize, typed, _CacheInfo) wrapper.cache_parameters = lambda : {'maxsize': maxsize, 'typed': typed} return update_wrapper(wrapper, user_function) elif maxsize is not None: raise TypeError( 'Expected first argument to be an integer, a callable, or None') def decorating_function(user_function): wrapper = _lru_cache_wrapper(user_function, maxsize, typed, _CacheInfo) wrapper.cache_parameters = lambda : {'maxsize': maxsize, 'typed': typed} return update_wrapper(wrapper, user_function) return decorating_function这段代码中有如下几个关键点
关键字参数
maxsize 表示缓存容量,如果为 None 表示容量不设限, typed 表示是否区分参数类型,注释中也给出了解释,如果 typed == True ,那么 f(3) 和 f(3.0) 会被认为是不同的函数调用。
第 24 行的条件分支
如果 lru_cache 的第一个参数是可调用的,直接返回 wrapper,也就是把 lru_cache 当做不带参数的装饰器,这是 Python 3.8 才有的特性,也就是说在 Python 3.8 及之后的版本中我们可以用下面的方式使用 lru_cache,可能是为了防止程序员在使用 lru_cache 的时候忘记加括号。
import functools# 注意 lru_cache 后面没有括号,# 证明这是将其当做不带参数的装饰器@functools.lru_cachedef factorial(n): print(f"计算 {n} 的阶乘") return 1 if n <= 1 else n * factorial(n - 1)注意,Python 3.8 之前的版本运行上面代码会报错:TypeError: Expected maxsize to be an integer or None。
lru_cache 的具体逻辑是在 _lru_cache_wrapper 函数中实现的,还是一样,列出源码,保留注释。
def _lru_cache_wrapper(user_function, maxsize, typed, _CacheInfo): # Constants shared by all lru cache instances: sentinel = object() # unique object used to signal cache misses make_key = _make_key # build a key from the function arguments PREV, NEXT, KEY, RESULT = 0, 1, 2, 3 # names for the link fields cache = {} hits = misses = 0 full = False cache_get = cache.get # bound method to lookup a key or return None cache_len = cache.__len__ # get cache size without calling len() lock = RLock() # because linkedlist updates aren't threadsafe root = [] # root of the circular doubly linked list root[:] = [root, root, None, None] # initialize by pointing to self if maxsize == 0: def wrapper(*args, **kwds): # No caching -- just a statistics update nonlocal misses misses += 1 result = user_function(*args, **kwds) return result elif maxsize is None: def wrapper(*args, **kwds): # Simple caching without ordering or size limit nonlocal hits, misses key = make_key(args, kwds, typed) result = cache_get(key, sentinel) if result is not sentinel: hits += 1 return result misses += 1 result = user_function(*args, **kwds) cache[key] = result return result else: def wrapper(*args, **kwds): # Size limited caching that tracks accesses by recency nonlocal root, hits, misses, full key = make_key(args, kwds, typed) with lock: link = cache_get(key) if link is not None: # Move the link to the front of the circular queue link_prev, link_next, _key, result = link link_prev[NEXT] = link_next link_next[PREV] = link_prev last = root[PREV] last[NEXT] = root[PREV] = link link[PREV] = last link[NEXT] = root hits += 1 return result misses += 1 result = user_function(*args, **kwds) with lock: if key in cache: # Getting here means that this same key was added to the # cache while the lock was released. Since the link # update is already done, we need only return the # computed result and update the count of misses. pass elif full: # Use the old root to store the new key and result. oldroot = root oldroot[KEY] = key oldroot[RESULT] = result # Empty the oldest link and make it the new root. # Keep a reference to the old key and old result to # prevent their ref counts from going to zero during the # update. That will prevent potentially arbitrary object # clean-up code (i.e. __del__) from running while we're # still adjusting the links. root = oldroot[NEXT] oldkey = root[KEY] oldresult = root[RESULT] root[KEY] = root[RESULT] = None # Now update the cache dictionary. del cache[oldkey] # Save the potentially reentrant cache[key] assignment # for last, after the root and links have been put in # a consistent state. cache[key] = oldroot else: # Put result in a new link at the front of the queue. last = root[PREV] link = [last, root, key, result] last[NEXT] = root[PREV] = cache[key] = link # Use the cache_len bound method instead of the len() function # which could potentially be wrapped in an lru_cache itself. full = (cache_len() >= maxsize) return result def cache_info(): """Report cache statistics""" with lock: return _CacheInfo(hits, misses, maxsize, cache_len()) def cache_clear(): """Clear the cache and cache statistics""" nonlocal hits, misses, full with lock: cache.clear() root[:] = [root, root, None, None] hits = misses = 0 full = False wrapper.cache_info = cache_info wrapper.cache_clear = cache_clear return wrapper函数开始的地方 2~14 行定义了一些关键变量,
接下来根据 maxsize 不同,定义不同的 wrapper 。
最后给 wrapper 添加两个属性函数 cache_info 和 cache_clear , cache_info 显示当前缓存的命中情况的统计数据, cache_clear 用于清空缓存。对于上面阶乘相关的代码,如果在最后执行 factorial.cache_info() ,会输出
CacheInfo(hits=1, misses=5, maxsize=128, currsize=5)第一次执行 factorial(5) 的时候都没命中,所以 misses = 5,第二次执行 factorial(3) 的时候,缓存命中,所以 hits = 1。
最后需要说明的是, 对于有多个关键字参数的函数,如果两次调用函数关键字参数传入的顺序不同,会被认为是不同的调用,不会命中缓存。另外,被 lru_cache 装饰的函数不能包含可变类型参数如 list,因为它们不支持 hash。
总结一下,这篇文章首先简介了一下缓存的概念,然后展示了在 Python 中 lru_cache 的使用方法,最后通过源码分析了 Python 中 lru_cache 的实现细节。
到此这篇关于Python中lru_cache的使用和实现详解的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Python lru_cache 内容请搜索以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持!
声明:本页内容来源网络,仅供用户参考;我单位不保证亦不表示资料全面及准确无误,也不保证亦不表示这些资料为最新信息,如因任何原因,本网内容或者用户因倚赖本网内容造成任何损失或损害,我单位将不会负任何法律责任。如涉及版权问题,请提交至online#300.cn邮箱联系删除。
Python的lru_cache装饰器是一个为自定义函数提供缓存功能的装饰器。其内部会在下次以相同参数调用该自定义函数时直接返回计算好的结果。通过缓存计算结果可
今天我们会讲到一个[装饰器]注记:链接“装饰器”指Python3教程中的装饰器教程。可以在这里快速了解什么是装饰器。@functools.lru_cache——
本文实例讲述了Nodejs基于LRU算法实现的缓存处理操作。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:LRU是LeastRecentlyUsed的缩写,即最近最少使用页面
起因:我的同事需要一个固定大小的cache,如果记录在cache中,直接从cache中读取,否则从数据库中读取。python的dict是一个非常简单的cache
在Python探索之SocketServer详解中我们介绍了Python标准库中的SocketServer模块,了解了要实现网络通信服务,就要构建一个服务器类和