本文实例讲述了Python实现的井字棋（Tic Tac Toe）游戏。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：

说明

用python实现了井字棋，整个框架是本人自己构思的，自认为比较满意。另外，90%+的代码也是本人逐字逐句敲的。

minimax算法还没完全理解，所以参考了这里的代码，并作了修改。

特点

可以选择人人、人机、机人、机机四种对战模式之一
电脑玩家的AI使用了minimax算法，带apha-beta剪枝
电脑玩家在思考时，时时刻刻都有一个“假想敌”。以便使得minimax算法运转起来

代码

#作者：hhh5460#时间：2017年6月26日# 棋盘class Board(object): def __init__(self): #self._board = '-'*9 # 坑！！ self._board = ['-' for _ in range(9)] self._history = [] # 棋谱 # 按指定动作，放入棋子 def _move(self, action, take): if self._board[action] == '-': self._board[action] = take self._history.append((action, take)) # 加入棋谱 # 撤销动作，拿走棋子 def _unmove(self, action): self._board[action] = '-' self._history.pop() # 棋盘快照 def get_board_snapshot(self): return self._board[:] # 取棋盘上的合法走法 def get_legal_actions(self): actions = [] for i in range(9): if self._board[i] == '-': actions.append(i) return actions # 判断走法是否合法 def is_legal_action(self, action): return self._board[action] == '-' # 终止检测 def teminate(self): board = self._board lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]] if ['X']*3 in lines or ['O']*3 in lines or '-' not in board: return True else: return False # 胜负检查 def get_winner(self): board = self._board lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]] if ['X']*3 in lines: return 0 elif ['O']*3 in lines: return 1 else: return 2 # 打印棋盘 def print_b(self): board = self._board for i in range(len(board)): print(board[i], end='') if (i+1)%3 == 0: print() # 打印棋谱 def print_history(self): print(self._history)# 玩家class Player(object): ''' 玩家只做两件事：思考、落子 1. 思考 --> 得到走法 2. 落子 --> 执行走法，改变棋盘 ''' def __init__(self, take='X'): # 默认执的棋子为 take = 'X' self.take=take def think(self, board): pass def move(self, board, action): board._move(action, self.take)# 人类玩家class HumanPlayer(Player): def __init__(self, take): super().__init__(take) def think(self, board): while True: action = input('Please input a num in 0-8:') if len(action)==1 and action in '012345678' and board.is_legal_action(int(action)): return int(action)# 电脑玩家class AIPlayer(Player): def __init__(self, take): super().__init__(take) def think(self, board): print('AI is thinking ...') take = ['X','O'][self.take=='X'] player = AIPlayer(take) # 假想敌！！！ _, action = self.minimax(board, player) #print('OK') return action # 极大极小法搜索，α-β剪枝 def minimax(self, board, player, depth=0) : '''参考：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44089757/minimax-algorithm-for-tic-tac-toe-python''' if self.take == "O": bestVal = -10 else: bestVal = 10 if board.teminate() : if board.get_winner() == 0 : return -10 + depth, None elif board.get_winner() == 1 : return 10 - depth, None elif board.get_winner() == 2 : return 0, None for action in board.get_legal_actions() : # 遍历合法走法 board._move(action, self.take) val, _ = player.minimax(board, self, depth+1) # 切换到 假想敌！！！ board._unmove(action) # 撤销走法，回溯 if self.take == "O" : if val > bestVal: bestVal, bestAction = val, action else : if val < bestVal: bestVal, bestAction = val, action return bestVal, bestAction# 游戏class Game(object): def __init__(self): self.board = Board() self.current_player = None # 生成玩家 def mk_player(self, p, take='X'): # p in [0,1] if p==0: return HumanPlayer(take) else: return AIPlayer(take) # 切换玩家 def switch_player(self, player1, player2): if self.current_player is None: return player1 else: return [player1, player2][self.current_player == player1] # 打印赢家 def print_winner(self, winner): # winner in [0,1,2] print(['Winner is player1','Winner is player2','Draw'][winner]) # 运行游戏 def run(self): ps = input("Please select two player's type:\n\t0.Human\n\t1.AI\nSuch as:0 0\n") p1, p2 = [int(p) for p in ps.split(' ')] player1, player2 = self.mk_player(p1, 'X'), self.mk_player(p2, 'O') # 先手执X，后手执O print('\nGame start!\n') self.board.print_b() # 显示棋盘 while True: self.current_player = self.switch_player(player1, player2) # 切换当前玩家 action = self.current_player.think(self.board) # 当前玩家对棋盘进行思考后，得到招法 self.current_player.move(self.board, action) # 当前玩家执行招法，改变棋盘 self.board.print_b() # 显示当前棋盘 if self.board.teminate(): # 根据当前棋盘，判断棋局是否终止 winner = self.board.get_winner() # 得到赢家 0,1,2 break self.print_winner(winner) print('Game over!') self.board.print_history()if __name__ == '__main__': Game().run()

下图是人人对战的结果

更多关于Python相关内容可查看本站专题：《Python游戏开发技巧总结》、《Python数据结构与算法教程》、《Python Socket编程技巧总结》、《Python函数使用技巧总结》、《Python字符串操作技巧汇总》、《Python入门与进阶经典教程》及《Python文件与目录操作技巧汇总》

希望本文所述对大家Python程序设计有所帮助。