Block
定义

some_array.each { |value| puts value + 3 }sum = 0other_array.each do |value| sum += value puts value / sumend

• A block is somewhat like the body of an anonymous method
• Block can take parameters
• Block 只有被 method 调用时才会起作用，如果 method 中有参数，block 出现在最后面

Block 中的变量
如果 block 的本地变量的名字和 block 之外但是在同样 scope 里面的 变量名字一样，那他们两个是一样的。block 内变量的值会改变 block 外变量的值。

sum = 0[1,2,3,4].each do |value| sum += value puts value / sumendputs sum # => 30

如果 block 中的变量只出现在 block 中，那么它只是 block 中本地变量，无法在 block 之外被引用。

sum = 0[1,2,3,4].each do |value| square = value * value sum += squareendputs sum # => 30puts square # undefined local variable or method 'square' for main:Object <NameError>Parameters to a block are always local to a block, even if they have the same name as locals in the surrounding scope.value = "some shape"[1,2].each { |value| puts value }puts value# 1# 2# some shapeYou can define a block-local variables by putting them after s semicolon in the block's parameter listsquare = "some shape"sum = 0[1,2,3,4].each do |value; square| square = value * value sum += squareendputs sum # 30puts square # some shape

• By making square block-local, values assigned inside the block will not affect the value of the variable with the same name in the outer scope.
• Blocks for Transactions
• You can use blocks to define a chunk of code that must be run under some kind of transnational control

class File def self.open_and_process(*args) f = File.open(*args) yield f f.close endendFile.open_and_process("testfile","r") do |file| while line = file.gets puts line endend

Blocks Can Be Objects

You can convert a block into an object, store it in variables, pass it around, and then invoke its code later.

如果 method 的最后一个参数前面有 & 符号 （&action）, 那么当此 method 被调用时，Ruby 会找一个 code block, 这个 code block 被转换成 class Proc 的一个对象。

class ProcExample def pass_in_block(&action) @stored_proc = action end def use_proc(parameter) @store_proc.call(parameter) endendeg = ProcExample.neweg.pass_in_block { |param| puts "The parameter is #{param}" }eg.use_proc(99)# => The parameter is 99def create_block_object(&block) blockendbo = create_block_object { |param| puts "You called me with #{param}" }bo.call 99 # => You called me with 99bo.call "cat" # => You called me with catRuby have two built-in methods that convert a block to an object: lambda and Proc.newbo = lambda { |param| puts "You called me with #{param}" }bo.call 99 # => You called me with 99

• Blocks Can Be Closures
• Closure: Variables in the surrounding scope that are referenced in a block remain accessible accessible for the life of that block and the life on any Proc object created from that block.

def n_times(thing) lambda {|n| thing * n}endp1 = n_times(23)p1.call(3) #=> 69p2.call(4) #=> 92def power_proc_generator value = 1 lambda { value += value }endpower_proc = power_proc_generatorputs power_proc.call # 2puts power_proc.call # 4lambda 表达式的另一种简写方式lambda { |params| ... }# 与下面的写法等价-> params { ... }# parmas 是可选的proc1 = -> arg1, arg2 {puts "#{arg1} #{arg2}"}proc1.call "hello", "world"# => hello worldproc2 = -> { "Hello World" }proc2.call # => Hello World

Block Parameter List

Blocks can take default values, splat args, keyword args and a block parameter

proc = -> a, *b, &block do puts "a = #{a.inspect}" puts "b = #{b.inspect}" block.callendproc.call(1,2,3,4) {puts "in block"}# a = 1# b = [2,3,4]# in block