python队列通信:rabbitMQ的使用(实例讲解)

时间:2021-05-23

(一)、前言

为什么引入消息队列?

1.程序解耦

2.提升性能

3.降低多业务逻辑复杂度

(二)、python操作rabbit mq

rabbitmq配置安装基本使用参见上节文章,不再复述。

若想使用python操作rabbitmq,需安装pika模块,直接pip安装:

pip install pika

1.最简单的rabbitmq producer端与consumer端对话:

producer:

#Author :ywqimport pikaauth=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe') #save auth indoconnection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth)) #connect to rabbitchannel = connection.channel() #create channelchannel.queue_declare(queue='hello') #declare queue#n RabbitMQ a message can never be sent directly to the queue, it always needs to go through an exchange.channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!') #the body is the msg contentprint(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")connection.close()

consumer:

#Author :ywqimport pikaauth=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe') #auth infoconnection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth)) #connect to rabbitchannel = connection.channel() #create channelchannel.queue_declare(queue='hello') #decalre queuedef callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body)channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=True)print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')channel.start_consuming()

消息传递消费过程中,可以在rabbit web管理页面实时查看队列消息信息。

2.持久化的消息队列,避免宕机等意外情况造成消息队列丢失。

consumer端无需改变,在producer端代码内加上两个属性,分别使消息持久化、队列持久化,只选其一还是会出现消息丢失,必须同时开启:

delivery_mode=2 #make msg persisdentdurable=True

属性插入位置见如下代码(producer端):

#Author :ywqimport pika,sysauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.queue_declare(queue='test1',durable=True) #durable=Ture, make queue persistentmsg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello'channel.basic_publish( exchange='', routing_key='test1', body=msg, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2 #make msg persisdent ))print('Send done:',msg)connection.close()

3.公平分发

在多consumer的情况下,默认rabbit是轮询发送消息的,但有的consumer消费速度快,有的消费速度慢,为了资源使用更平衡,引入ack确认机制。consumer消费完消息后会给rabbit发送ack,一旦未ack的消息数量超过指定允许的数量,则不再往该consumer发送,改为发送给其他consumer。

producer端代码不用改变,需要给consumer端代码插入两个属性:

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count= *) #define the max non_ack_countchannel.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbitmq

属性插入位置见如下代码(consumer端):

#Author :ywqimport pika,timeauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.queue_declare(queue='test2',durable=True)def callback(chann,deliver,properties,body): print('Recv:',body) time.sleep(5) chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbitchannel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)'''注意,no_ack=False 注意,这里的no_ack类型仅仅是告诉rabbit该消费者队列是否返回ack,若要返回ack,需要在callback内定义prefetch_count=1,未ack的msg数量超过1个,则此consumer不再接受msg,此配置需写在channel.basic_consume上方,否则会造成non_ack情况出现。'''channel.basic_consume( callback, queue='test2')channel.start_consuming()

三、消息发布/订阅

上方的几种模式都是producer端发送一次,则consumer端接收一次,能不能实现一个producer发送,多个关联的consumer同时接收呢?of course,rabbit支持消息发布订阅,共支持三种模式,通过组件exchange转发器,实现3种模式:

fanout: 所有bind到此exchange的queue都可以接收消息,类似广播。

direct: 通过routingKey和exchange决定的哪个唯一的queue可以接收消息,推送给绑定了该queue的consumer,类似组播。

topic:所有符合routingKey(此时可以是一个表达式)的routingKey所bind的queue可以接收消息,类似前缀列表匹配路由。

1.fanout

publish端(producer):

#Author :ywqimport pika,sys,timeauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare(exchange='hello', exchange_type='fanout' )msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello world %s' %time.time()channel.basic_publish( exchange='hello', routing_key='', body=msg, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2 ))print('send done')connection.close()

subscribe端(consumer):

#Author :ywqimport pikaauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare( exchange='hello', exchange_type='fanout')random_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) #随机与rabbit建立一个queue,comsumer断开后,该queue立即删除释放queue_name=random_num.method.queuechannel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)channel.queue_bind( queue=queue_name, exchange='hello')def callback(chann,deliver,properties,body): print('Recv:',body) chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbitchannel.basic_consume( callback, queue=queue_name,)channel.start_consuming()

实现producer一次发送,多个关联consumer接收。

使用exchange模式时:

1.producer端不再申明queue,直接申明exchange

2.consumer端仍需绑定队列并指定exchange来接收message

3.consumer最好创建随机queue,使用完后立即释放。

随机队列名在web下可以检测到:

2.direct

使用exchange同时consumer有选择性的接收消息。队列绑定关键字,producer将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列,consumer相应接收。即在fanout基础上增加了routing key.

producer:

#Author :ywqimport pika,sysauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_log', exchange_type='direct', )while True: route_key=input('Input routing key:') msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello' channel.basic_publish( exchange='direct_log', routing_key=route_key, body=msg, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2 ) )connection.close()

consumer:

#Author :ywqimport pika,sysauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare( exchange='direct_log', exchange_type='direct')queue_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)queue_name=queue_num.method.queueroute_key=input('Input routing key:')channel.queue_bind( queue=queue_name, exchange='direct_log', routing_key=route_key)def callback(chann,deliver,property,body): print('Recv:[level:%s],[msg:%s]' %(route_key,body)) chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag)channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)channel.basic_consume( callback, queue=queue_name)channel.start_consuming()

同时开启多个consumer,其中两个接收notice,两个接收warning,运行效果如下:

3.topic

相较于direct,topic能实现模糊匹配式工作方式(在consumer端指定匹配方式),只要routing key包含指定的关键字,则将该msg发往绑定的queue上。

rabbitmq通配符规则:

符号“#”匹配一个或多个词,符号“”匹配一个词。因此“abc.#”能够匹配到“abc.m.n”,但是“abc.*‘' 只会匹配到“abc.m”。‘.'号为分割符。使用通配符匹配时必须使用‘.'号分割。

producer:

#Author :ywqimport pika,sysauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info ))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_log', exchange_type='topic', )while True: route_key=input('Input routing key:') msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello' channel.basic_publish( exchange='topic_log', routing_key=route_key, body=msg, properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2 ) )connection.close()

consumer:

#Author :ywqimport pika,sysauth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info))channel=connection.channel()channel.exchange_declare( exchange='topic_log', exchange_type='topic')queue_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)queue_name=queue_num.method.queueroute_key=input('Input routing key:')channel.queue_bind( queue=queue_name, exchange='topic_log', routing_key=route_key)def callback(chann,deliver,property,body): print('Recv:[type:%s],[msg:%s]' %(route_key,body)) chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag)channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)channel.basic_consume( callback, queue=queue_name)channel.start_consuming()

运行效果:

rabbitmq三种publish/subscribe模型简单介绍完毕。

以上这篇python队列通信:rabbitMQ的使用(实例讲解)就是小编分享给大家的全部内容了,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持。

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