1、Scrapy框架

Scrapy是用纯Python实现一个为了爬取网站数据、提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架，用途非常广泛。
框架的力量，用户只需要定制开发几个模块就可以轻松的实现一个爬虫，用来抓取网页内容以及各种图片，非常之方便。
Scrapy 使用了 Twisted'twɪstɪd异步网络框架来处理网络通讯，可以加快我们的下载速度，不用自己去实现异步框架，并且包含了各种中间件接口，可以灵活的完成各种需求。

• Scrapy Engine(引擎): 负责Spider、ItemPipeline、Downloader、Scheduler中间的通讯，信号、数据传递等。
• Scheduler(调度器): 它负责接受引擎发送过来的Request请求，并按照一定的方式进行整理排列，入队，当引擎需要时，交还给引擎。
• Downloader（下载器）：负责下载Scrapy Engine(引擎)发送的所有Requests请求，并将其获取到的Responses交还给Scrapy Engine(引擎)，由引擎交给Spider来处理，
• Spider（爬虫）：它负责处理所有Responses,从中分析提取数据，获取Item字段需要的数据，并将需要跟进的URL提交给引擎，再次进入Scheduler(调度器)，
• Item Pipeline(管道)：它负责处理Spider中获取到的Item，并进行进行后期处理（详细分析、过滤、存储等）的地方.
• Downloader Middlewares（下载中间件）：你可以当作是一个可以自定义扩展下载功能的组件。
• Spider Middlewares（Spider中间件）：你可以理解为是一个可以自定扩展和操作引擎和Spider中间通信的功能组件（比如进入Spider的Responses;和从Spider出去的Requests）
  

2、Puppeteer渲染

Puppeteer 是 Chrome 开发团队在 2017 年发布的一个 Node.js 包，用来模拟 Chrome 浏览器的运行。
为了爬取js渲染的html页面，我们需要用浏览器来解析js后生成html。在scrapy中可以利用pyppeteer来实现对应功能。
完整代码 📎scrapy-pyppeteer.zip
我们需要新建项目中middlewares.py文件(./项目名/middlewares.py)

import websocketsfrom scrapy.http import HtmlResponsefrom logging import getLoggerimport asyncioimport pyppeteerimport loggingfrom concurrent.futures._base import TimeoutErrorimport base64import sysimport randompyppeteer_level = logging.WARNINGlogging.getLogger('websockets.protocol').setLevel(pyppeteer_level)logging.getLogger('pyppeteer').setLevel(pyppeteer_level)PY3 = sys.version_info[0] >= 3def base64ify(bytes_or_str): if PY3 and isinstance(bytes_or_str, str): input_bytes = bytes_or_str.encode('utf8') else: input_bytes = bytes_or_str output_bytes = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(input_bytes) if PY3: return output_bytes.decode('ascii') else: return output_bytesclass ProxyMiddleware(object): USER_AGENT = open('useragents.txt').readlines() def process_request(self, request, spider): # 代理服务器 proxyHost = "t.16yun.cn" proxyPort = "31111" # 代理隧道验证信息 proxyUser = "username" proxyPass = "password" request.meta['proxy'] = "http://{0}:{1}".format(proxyHost, proxyPort) # 添加验证头 encoded_user_pass = base64ify(proxyUser + ":" + proxyPass) request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = 'Basic ' + encoded_user_pass # 设置IP切换头(根据需求) tunnel = random.randint(1, 10000) request.headers['Proxy-Tunnel'] = str(tunnel) request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.USER_AGENT)class PyppeteerMiddleware(object): def __init__(self, **args): """ init logger, loop, browser :param args: """ self.logger = getLogger(__name__) self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() self.browser = self.loop.run_until_complete( pyppeteer.launch(headless=True)) self.args = args def __del__(self): """ close loop :return: """ self.loop.close() def render(self, url, retries=1, script=None, wait=0.3, scrolldown=False, sleep=0, timeout=8.0, keep_page=False): """ render page with pyppeteer :param url: page url :param retries: max retry times :param script: js script to evaluate :param wait: number of seconds to wait before loading the page, preventing timeouts :param scrolldown: how many times to page down :param sleep: how many long to sleep after initial render :param timeout: the longest wait time, otherwise raise timeout error :param keep_page: keep page not to be closed, browser object needed :param browser: pyppetter browser object :param with_result: return with js evaluation result :return: content, [result] """ # define async render async def async_render(url, script, scrolldown, sleep, wait, timeout, keep_page): try: # basic render page = await self.browser.newPage() await asyncio.sleep(wait) response = await page.goto(url, options={'timeout': int(timeout * 1000)}) if response.status != 200: return None, None, response.status result = None # evaluate with script if script: result = await page.evaluate(script) # scroll down for {scrolldown} times if scrolldown: for _ in range(scrolldown): await page._keyboard.down('PageDown') await asyncio.sleep(sleep) else: await asyncio.sleep(sleep) if scrolldown: await page._keyboard.up('PageDown') # get html of page content = await page.content() return content, result, response.status except TimeoutError: return None, None, 500 finally: # if keep page, do not close it if not keep_page: await page.close() content, result, status = [None] * 3 # retry for {retries} times for i in range(retries): if not content: content, result, status = self.loop.run_until_complete( async_render(url=url, script=script, sleep=sleep, wait=wait, scrolldown=scrolldown, timeout=timeout, keep_page=keep_page)) else: break # if need to return js evaluation result return content, result, status def process_request(self, request, spider): """ :param request: request object :param spider: spider object :return: HtmlResponse """ if request.meta.get('render'): try: self.logger.debug('rendering %s', request.url) html, result, status = self.render(request.url) return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=html, request=request, encoding='utf-8', status=status) except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosed: pass @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls(**crawler.settings.get('PYPPETEER_ARGS', {}))

然后修改项目配置文件 (./项目名/settings.py)

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'scrapypyppeteer.middlewares.PyppeteerMiddleware': 543, 'scrapypyppeteer.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 100, }

然后我们运行程序

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