非关系型图数据库Neo4j简介

Neo4j是现今最火爆的图数据。在2010年发布，产品的发展势头还算不错。

作为图数据库，Neo4j最大的特点是关系数据的存储。

图数据库除了能够像普通的数据库一样存储一行一行的数据之外，还可以很方便的看出存储数据之间的关系信息。

适合存储”修改较少，查询较多，没有超大节点“的图数据。

图数据库Neo4j应用场景

社交网络

根据用户与其他用户的关系为用户推荐新的朋友。例如，在QQ中给你推荐朋友的朋友 。

智能推荐引擎

通过分析用户有哪些朋友、用户朋友喜好的产品、用户的浏览记录等关系信息推测用户的喜好进而为用户推荐商品。

知识图谱

根据知识点间的关系建立图谱，帮助用户搜索到关联的知识。例如在百度上搜索Neo4j，会同时出现MySQL等类似的内容。

恶意软件检测

通过记录软件行为的各种关系数据，例如其访问了哪些IP、访问了哪些系统资源，进而分析软件行为是否具有恶意。

网络、数据中心管理

网络、数据中心这些基础设施自身就是一个包含复杂关系的网络，利用Neo4j可以方便的建立设备之间的关系，以便于对整个系统的管理。

Neo4j优点

• 数据的插入，查询操作很直观，不用再像之前要考虑各个表之间的关系。
• 提供的图搜索和图遍历方法很方便，速度也是比较快的。

Neo4j缺点

• 最不能让人忍受的就是极慢的插入速度。可能是因为创建节点和边的时候需要保存一些额外信息（为了查询服务）。不知道是不是我代码的问题，插入10000个节点，10000条边花了将近10分钟…
• 超大节点。当有一个节点的边非常多时（常见于大V），有关这个节点的操作的速度将大大下降。这个问题很早就有了，官方也说过会处理，然而现在仍然不能让人满意。
• 提高数据库速度的常用方法就是多分配内存，然而看了官方操作手册，貌似无法直接设置数据库内存占用量，而是需要计算后为其”预留“内存…

CentOS安装启动Neo4j

下载Neo4j

下载地址：https://neo4j.com/download-center/#community

包地址：https://neo4j.com/artifact.php?name=neo4j-community-3.5.6-unix.tar.gz

下载 3.5.6 版本

curl -O https://neo4j.com/artifact.php?name=neo4j-community-3.5.6-unix.tar.gz

安装Neo4j

tar -zxvf neo4j-community-3.5.6-unix.tar.gz

移动文件夹

mv neo4j-community-3.5.6/ /usr/local/neo4j

效果

修改Neo4j配置文件

配置文件路径

1、修改第22行load csv时路径，在前面加个#注释掉，可从任意路径读取文件

#dbms.directories.import=import

2、修改35行和36行，去除注释，设置JVM初始堆内存和JVM最大堆内存

（理论上JVM最大 堆内存越大越好，但是要小于机器的物理内存）

dbms.memory.heap.initial_size=512m

dbms.memory.heap.max_size=1g

如果不知道还剩多少，可以用linux命令free -m

3、修改46行，可以认为这个是缓存，如果机器配置高，这个越大越好

dbms.memory.pagecache.size=5g

4、修改54行，去掉改行的#，可以远程通过ip访问neo4j数据库

dbms.connectors.default_listen_address=0.0.0.

5、默认 bolt端口是7687，http端口是7474，https关口是7473，不修改下面3项也可以

dbms.connector.bolt.listen_address=:

dbms.connector.http.listen_address=:

dbms.connector.https.listen_address=:

去掉注释

6、修改245行，去掉#，允许从远程url来load csv

dbms.security.allow_csv_import_from_file_urls=true

7、修改265行，去除注释设置neo4j可读可写

dbms.read_only=false

8、3.5.6 版本配置文件（注：各个版本中配置文件是不同的）

#*****************************************************************# Neo4j configuration## For more details and a complete list of settings, please see# https://neo4j.com/docs/operations-manual/current/reference/configuration-settings/#*****************************************************************# The name of the database to mount#dbms.active_database=graph.db# Paths of directories in the installation.#dbms.directories.data=data#dbms.directories.plugins=plugins#dbms.directories.certificates=certificates#dbms.directories.logs=logs#dbms.directories.lib=lib#dbms.directories.run=run# This setting constrains all `LOAD CSV` import files to be under the `import` directory. Remove or comment it out to# allow files to be loaded from anywhere in the filesystem; this introduces possible security problems. See the# `LOAD CSV` section of the manual for details.# dbms.directories.import=import# Whether requests to Neo4j are authenticated.# To disable authentication, uncomment this line#dbms.security.auth_enabled=false# Enable this to be able to upgrade a store from an older version.#dbms.allow_upgrade=true# Java Heap Size: by default the Java heap size is dynamically# calculated based on available system resources.# Uncomment these lines to set specific initial and maximum# heap size.dbms.memory.heap.initial_size=512mdbms.memory.heap.max_size=1g# The amount of memory to use for mapping the store files, in bytes (or# kilobytes with the 'k' suffix, megabytes with 'm' and gigabytes with 'g').# If Neo4j is running on a dedicated server, then it is generally recommended# to leave about 2-4 gigabytes for the operating system, give the JVM enough# heap to hold all your transaction state and query context, and then leave the# rest for the page cache.# The default page cache memory assumes the machine is dedicated to running# Neo4j, and is heuristically set to 50% of RAM minus the max Java heap size.dbms.memory.pagecache.size=5g#*****************************************************************# Network connector configuration#*****************************************************************# With default configuration Neo4j only accepts local connections.# To accept non-local connections, uncomment this line:dbms.connectors.default_listen_address=0.0.0.0# You can also choose a specific network interface, and configure a non-default# port for each connector, by setting their individual listen_address.# The address at which this server can be reached by its clients. This may be the server's IP address or DNS name, or# it may be the address of a reverse proxy which sits in front of the server. This setting may be overridden for# individual connectors below.#dbms.connectors.default_advertised_address=localhost# You can also choose a specific advertised hostname or IP address, and# configure an advertised port for each connector, by setting their# individual advertised_address.# Bolt connectordbms.connector.bolt.enabled=true#dbms.connector.bolt.tls_level=OPTIONALdbms.connector.bolt.listen_address=:7687# HTTP Connector. There can be zero or one HTTP connectors.dbms.connector.http.enabled=truedbms.connector.http.listen_address=:7474# HTTPS Connector. There can be zero or one HTTPS connectors.dbms.connector.https.enabled=truedbms.connector.https.listen_address=:7473# Number of Neo4j worker threads.#dbms.threads.worker_count=#*****************************************************************# SSL system configuration#*****************************************************************# Names of the SSL policies to be used for the respective components.# The legacy policy is a special policy which is not defined in# the policy configuration section, but rather derives from# dbms.directories.certificates and associated files# (by default: neo4j.key and neo4j.cert). Its use will be deprecated.# The policies to be used for connectors.## N.B: Note that a connector must be configured to support/require# SSL/TLS for the policy to actually be utilized.## see: dbms.connector.*.tls_level#bolt.ssl_policy=legacy#https.ssl_policy=legacy#*****************************************************************# SSL policy configuration#*****************************************************************# Each policy is configured under a separate namespace, e.g.# dbms.ssl.policy.<policyname>.*## The example settings below are for a new policy named 'default'.# The base directory for cryptographic objects. Each policy will by# default look for its associated objects (keys, certificates, ...)# under the base directory.## Every such setting can be overridden using a full path to# the respective object, but every policy will by default look# for cryptographic objects in its base location.## Mandatory setting#dbms.ssl.policy.default.base_directory=certificates/default# Allows the generation of a fresh private key and a self-signed# certificate if none are found in the expected locations. It is# recommended to turn this off again after keys have been generated.## Keys should in general be generated and distributed offline# by a trusted certificate authority (CA) and not by utilizing# this mode.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.allow_key_generation=false# Enabling this makes it so that this policy ignores the contents# of the trusted_dir and simply resorts to trusting everything.## Use of this mode is discouraged. It would offer encryption but no security.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.trust_all=false# The private key for the default SSL policy. By default a file# named private.key is expected under the base directory of the policy.# It is mandatory that a key can be found or generated.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.private_key=# The private key for the default SSL policy. By default a file# named public.crt is expected under the base directory of the policy.# It is mandatory that a certificate can be found or generated.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.public_certificate=# The certificates of trusted parties. By default a directory named# 'trusted' is expected under the base directory of the policy. It is# mandatory to create the directory so that it exists, because it cannot# be auto-created (for security purposes).## To enforce client authentication client_auth must be set to 'require'!#dbms.ssl.policy.default.trusted_dir=# Client authentication setting. Values: none, optional, require# The default is to require client authentication.## Servers are always authenticated unless explicitly overridden# using the trust_all setting. In a mutual authentication setup this# should be kept at the default of require and trusted certificates# must be installed in the trusted_dir.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.client_auth=require# It is possible to verify the hostname that the client uses# to connect to the remote server. In order for this to work, the server public# certificate must have a valid CN and/or matching Subject Alternative Names.# Note that this is irrelevant on host side connections (sockets receiving# connections).# To enable hostname verification client side on nodes, set this to true.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.verify_hostname=false# A comma-separated list of allowed TLS versions.# By default only TLSv1.2 is allowed.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.tls_versions=# A comma-separated list of allowed ciphers.# The default ciphers are the defaults of the JVM platform.#dbms.ssl.policy.default.ciphers=#*****************************************************************# Logging configuration#*****************************************************************# To enable HTTP logging, uncomment this line#dbms.logs.http.enabled=true# Number of HTTP logs to keep.#dbms.logs.http.rotation.keep_number=5# Size of each HTTP log that is kept.#dbms.logs.http.rotation.size=20m# To enable GC Logging, uncomment this line#dbms.logs.gc.enabled=true# GC Logging Options# see http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/819-0084-10/pt_tuningjava.html#wp57013 for more information.#dbms.logs.gc.options=-XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintPromotionFailure -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution# For Java 9 and newer GC Logging Options# see https://docs.oracle.com/javase/10/tools/java.htm#JSWOR-GUID-BE93ABDC-999C-4CB5-A88B-1994AAAC74D5#dbms.logs.gc.options=-Xlog:gc*,safepoint,age*=trace# Number of GC logs to keep.#dbms.logs.gc.rotation.keep_number=5# Size of each GC log that is kept.#dbms.logs.gc.rotation.size=20m# Log level for the debug log. One of DEBUG, INFO, WARN and ERROR. Be aware that logging at DEBUG level can be very verbose.#dbms.logs.debug.level=INFO# Size threshold for rotation of the debug log. If set to zero then no rotation will occur. Accepts a binary suffix "k",# "m" or "g".#dbms.logs.debug.rotation.size=20m# Maximum number of history files for the internal log.#dbms.logs.debug.rotation.keep_number=7#*****************************************************************# Miscellaneous configuration#*****************************************************************# Enable this to specify a parser other than the default one.#cypher.default_language_version=3.0# Determines if Cypher will allow using file URLs when loading data using# `LOAD CSV`. Setting this value to `false` will cause Neo4j to fail `LOAD CSV`# clauses that load data from the file system.dbms.security.allow_csv_import_from_file_urls=true# Value of the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header sent over any HTTP or HTTPS# connector. This defaults to '*', which allows broadest compatibility. Note# that any URI provided here limits HTTP/HTTPS access to that URI only.#dbms.security.http_access_control_allow_origin=*# Value of the HTTP Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) response header. This header# tells browsers that a webpage should only be accessed using HTTPS instead of HTTP.# It is attached to every HTTPS response. Setting is not set by default so# 'Strict-Transport-Security' header is not sent. Value is expected to contain# directives like 'max-age', 'includeSubDomains' and 'preload'.#dbms.security.http_strict_transport_security=# Retention policy for transaction logs needed to perform recovery and backups.dbms.tx_log.rotation.retention_policy=1 days# Only allow read operations from this Neo4j instance. This mode still requires# write access to the directory for lock purposes.dbms.read_only=false# Comma separated list of JAX-RS packages containing JAX-RS resources, one# package name for each mountpoint. The listed package names will be loaded# under the mountpoints specified. Uncomment this line to mount the# org.neo4j.examples.server.unmanaged.HelloWorldResource.java from# neo4j-server-examples under /examples/unmanaged, resulting in a final URL of# http://localhost:7474/examples/unmanaged/helloworld/{nodeId}#dbms.unmanaged_extension_classes=org.neo4j.examples.server.unmanaged=/examples/unmanaged# A comma separated list of procedures and user defined functions that are allowed# full access to the database through unsupported/insecure internal APIs.#dbms.security.procedures.unrestricted=my.extensions.example,my.procedures.*# A comma separated list of procedures to be loaded by default.# Leaving this unconfigured will load all procedures found.#dbms.security.procedures.whitelist=apoc.coll.*,apoc.load.*#********************************************************************# JVM Parameters#********************************************************************# G1GC generally strikes a good balance between throughput and tail# latency, without too much tuning.dbms.jvm.additional=-XX:+UseG1GC# Have common exceptions keep producing stack traces, so they can be# debugged regardless of how often logs are rotated.dbms.jvm.additional=-XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow# Make sure that `initmemory` is not only allocated, but committed to# the process, before starting the database. This reduces memory# fragmentation, increasing the effectiveness of transparent huge# pages. It also reduces the possibility of seeing performance drop# due to heap-growing GC events, where a decrease in available page# cache leads to an increase in mean IO response time.# Try reducing the heap memory, if this flag degrades performance.dbms.jvm.additional=-XX:+AlwaysPreTouch# Trust that non-static final fields are really final.# This allows more optimizations and improves overall performance.# NOTE: Disable this if you use embedded mode, or have extensions or dependencies that may use reflection or# serialization to change the value of final fields!dbms.jvm.additional=-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptionsdbms.jvm.additional=-XX:+TrustFinalNonStaticFields# Disable explicit garbage collection, which is occasionally invoked by the JDK itself.dbms.jvm.additional=-XX:+DisableExplicitGC# Remote JMX monitoring, uncomment and adjust the following lines as needed. Absolute paths to jmx.access and# jmx.password files are required.# Also make sure to update the jmx.access and jmx.password files with appropriate permission roles and passwords,# the shipped configuration contains only a read only role called 'monitor' with password 'Neo4j'.# For more details, see: http://download.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/management/agent.html# On Unix based systems the jmx.password file needs to be owned by the user that will run the server,# and have permissions set to 0600.# For details on setting these file permissions on Windows see:# http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/management/security-windows.html#dbms.jvm.additional=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=3637#dbms.jvm.additional=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=true#dbms.jvm.additional=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false#dbms.jvm.additional=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.password.file=/absolute/path/to/conf/jmx.password#dbms.jvm.additional=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.access.file=/absolute/path/to/conf/jmx.access# Some systems cannot discover host name automatically, and need this line configured:#dbms.jvm.additional=-Djava.rmi.server.hostname=$THE_NEO4J_SERVER_HOSTNAME# Expand Diffie Hellman (DH) key size from default 1024 to 2048 for DH-RSA cipher suites used in server TLS handshakes.# This is to protect the server from any potential passive eavesdropping.dbms.jvm.additional=-Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048# This mitigates a DDoS vector.dbms.jvm.additional=-Djdk.tls.rejectClientInitiatedRenegotiation=true#********************************************************************# Wrapper Windows NT/2000/XP Service Properties#********************************************************************# WARNING - Do not modify any of these properties when an application# using this configuration file has been installed as a service.# Please uninstall the service before modifying this section. The# service can then be reinstalled.# Name of the servicedbms.windows_service_name=neo4j#********************************************************************# Other Neo4j system properties#********************************************************************dbms.jvm.additional=-Dunsupported.dbms.udc.source=tarball

查看Neo4j是否启动

启动：进入bin目录执行./neo4j start

停止：进入bin目录执行./neo4j stop

查看状态：进入bin目录执行./neo4j status

web访问Neo4j

http://服务器ip:7474/browser/

在浏览器访问图数据库所在的机器上的7474端口（第一次访问账号neo4j，密码neo4j，会提示修改初始密码）

设置完密码后，点击左上角数据库，就能看到图数据库里面的信息了

Python3操作Neo4j

安装py2neo模块

pip install py2neo

如果安不上，请用：

pip install git+https://github.com/nigelsmall/py2neo.git

官网地址：https://py2neo.org/v3/index.html

更多内容请参考官网给的命令：

效果图

简单讲解

如上图，是本示例的效果。

其中，我加了5个节点信息，3种关系（7个分支的关系），还有3种属性。

这里是给了节点加了属性，例如我给自己加了“博客地址”的属性，属性值为“https://www.jb51.net/”。

还可以给关系加属性，这里没做展示，方法是类似的。

完整源码

from py2neo import Graph, Node, Relationshipgraph = Graph(host='IP地址', http_port=7474, user='neo4j', password='123456')# 清空库graph.delete_all()# 创建结点test_node_0 = Node('西游记', name='唐僧') # 修改的部分test_node_1 = Node('西游记', name='孙悟空') # 修改的部分test_node_2 = Node('西游记', name='猪八戒') # 修改的部分test_node_3 = Node('西游记', name='沙师弟') # 修改的部分test_node_4 = Node('西游记', name='白龙马') # 修改的部分test_node_3.setdefault("博客地址",'https://shazhenyu.blog.csdn.net/')graph.create(test_node_0)graph.create(test_node_1)graph.create(test_node_2)graph.create(test_node_3)graph.create(test_node_4)# 创建关系# 分别建立了test_node_1指向test_node_2和test_node_2指向test_node_1两条关系，关系的类型为"丈夫、妻子"，两条关系都有属性count，且值为1。node_0_node_1 = Relationship(test_node_0, '师傅', test_node_1)node_0_node_2 = Relationship(test_node_0, '师傅', test_node_2)node_0_node_3 = Relationship(test_node_0, '师傅', test_node_3)node_1_node_0 = Relationship(test_node_1, '徒弟', test_node_0)node_2_node_0 = Relationship(test_node_2, '徒弟', test_node_0)node_3_node_0 = Relationship(test_node_3, '徒弟', test_node_0)node_4_node_0 = Relationship(test_node_4, '坐骑', test_node_0)node_0_node_1['count'] = 1node_4_node_0['count'] = 1graph.create(node_0_node_1)graph.create(node_0_node_2)graph.create(node_0_node_3)graph.create(node_1_node_0)graph.create(node_2_node_0)graph.create(node_3_node_0)graph.create(node_4_node_0)print(graph)print(test_node_0)print(test_node_1)print(test_node_2)print(test_node_3)print(test_node_4)print(node_0_node_1)print(node_0_node_2)print(node_0_node_3)print(node_1_node_0)print(node_2_node_0)print(node_3_node_0)print(node_4_node_0)

本文详细讲解了非关系型图数据库Neo4j安装方法及Python3连接操作Neo4j方法实例，更多关于Python3操作Neo4j的知识请查看下面的相关链接